ABSTRACT
Kidney dendritic cells(DC) play important roles in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases. Kidney DC presents anti-inflammatory effects in certain kidney diseases, sometimes presents pro-inflammation in other diseases, and sometimes their effects are changing in different stages of the disease, suggesting that the differentiation and function of kidney DC may be influenced by microenvironment. This article reviews the origin and distribution of kidney DC subsets and their roles in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases such as lupus nephritis and pyelonephritis, and the functional regulation of kidney DC by proximal tubule epithelial cells.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cell Differentiation , Dendritic Cells , Cell Biology , Allergy and Immunology , Epithelial Cells , Cell Biology , Inflammation , Allergy and Immunology , Kidney , Cell Biology , Kidney Diseases , Allergy and Immunology , Lupus Nephritis , Allergy and Immunology , Pyelonephritis , Allergy and ImmunologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of TcpC on human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) and its mechanisms.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>HUVECs were co-cultured with TcpC secreting wild-type E. coli strain CFT073 (TcpC(wt)) or tcpc gene-deleted CFT073 mutant strain (TcpC(mut)) in transwell system,respectively. Apoptosis of HUVECs was analyzed by Annexin-V/PI double staining. Mitochondrial membrane depolarization was detected by JC-1 staining. Expression of apoptosis-related proteins in HUVECs was determined by Western blot.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>HUVECs showed morphological changes after co-cultured with TcpC(wt) for 24 h: the cells became detached and cell debris increased,and cell number was also decreased when compared to HUVECs co-cultured with TcpC(mut). The apoptosis of HUVEC cells co-cultured with TcpC(wt) for 24 h significantly increased,compared to that of control group and TcpC(mut) group (60.1% 9.7% compared with 9.0% 1.3% and 16.9% 0.4%,respectively, P<0.05); meanwhile the mitochondrial depolarization of HUVECs co-cultured with TcpC(wt) was significantly increased,compared to that in control and TcpC(mut) groups (64.5% 0.9% compared with 14.5% 2.1% and 15.6% 3.3%, respectively,P<0.05). Cleavage of PARP and inhibition of Mcl-1 and XIAP expression were seen in HUVECs co-cultured with TcpC(wt),but not in groups of control and TcpC(mut).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>TcpC secreted from CFT073 can induce apoptosis of HUVECs through mitochondrial pathway, in which PARP is cleaved and Mcl-1 and XIAP expressions are inhibited.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Apoptosis , Cells, Cultured , Escherichia coli , Metabolism , Escherichia coli Proteins , Pharmacology , Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells , Pathology , Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial , Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein , Metabolism , Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases , Metabolism , Virulence Factors , Pharmacology , X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein , MetabolismABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Though myasthenia gravis (MG) is a typical autoimmune disorder, there was some controversy on the treatment of the childhood-onset MG. By observing the efficacy of different therapies, the authors analyzed the affecting factors of prognosis in childhood-onset MG.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The retrospective data of 155 patients with childhood-onset MG (age of MG onset was less than 15 years) were collected from Department of Neurology, Beijing Tongren Hospital (January 2000 - February 2010). The patients were non-randomly divided according to their treatment into 3 groups (glucocorticoid, thymectomy and glucocorticoid combined with thymectomy groups). Postintervention status meeting the criteria of Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA) "complete stable remission, CSR", "pharmacologic remission, PR", "minimal manifestations, MM", or "Improved, I" was regarded as desirable response, which was used as primary indicator of observation. The authors assessed the efficacy of three therapies and analyzed the influencing factors of prognosis by using Chi-square test and Logistic regression.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>At 3 months of treatment, glucocorticoid group showed the highest effective rate. At the end of 1 year or 2 years of treatment, glucocorticoid combined with thymectomy group showed the highest effective rate respectively. The generalization rate of MG at 2 years, 10 years and 20 years in childhood-onset ocular MG patients were 4.3%, 10.7%, and 41.5%, respectively. Of patients with generalization of MG, 48.1% occurred within 2 years, 92.6% within 20 years. Univariate analysis showed that in childhood-onset ocular MG patients, variables such as age at onset (> 10 years), LG-MG and with chronic fatigue were significantly associated with general MG conversion. Whereas multivariate analysis showed that patients with age at onset (> 10 years) and chronic muscle fatigue were apt to convert to generalized MG.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Glucocorticoid appeared to have an effect that leads to early remission of symptoms in childhood-onset MG patients and glucocorticoid combined with thymectomy appeared to have better long-term effect. For those childhood-onset ocular MG patients with longer course of disease, older age of onset, chronic fatigue, or LG-MG, physicians should try to prevent the generalization of MG by immunosuppressive therapies.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Glucocorticoids , Therapeutic Uses , Myasthenia Gravis , Diagnosis , Therapeutics , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies , ThymectomyABSTRACT
Heuristic teaching is propitious to cultivating students' ideation. We have used different heuristic modes for example problems, stories, contrast, associationin and so on to cultivate medical students' ideation in pathobiology and immunology teaching and acquired good effect.